Melody : Rhythm : Harmony : Texture : Form : Dynamics : Timbre
Form: Musical structure and design
 | Form | The structure or shape of a musical work, based on repetition, contrast, and variation; the organizing principle of music. Binary and ternary are basic forms, while more sophisticated forms include rondo, sonataallegro, minuet and trio, theme and variations, ritornello, and fugue. |
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| Repetition | Within a form, repetition fixes the material in our mind and satisfies our need for the familiar; it provides unity to a form. |
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| Contrast | Within a form, contrast sustains our interest and feed our love of change. |
| In this example, the first musical idea (heard twice at a fast tempo) is balanced by a contrasting idea, which is also repeated. |
| Example: | Corelli, Suite for Strings, "Badinerie" |
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| Variation | A formal principle in which some aspects of the music are altered but still recognizable. |
| Here, a familiar melody is varied by a change of harmony (from major to minor) and by altering the rhythm, yet it is still recognizable. |
| Example: | Haydn, Symphony No. 94 (Surprise), second movement |
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| Theme | A melodic idea used as a basic building block in the construction of a composition. (The main theme of a fugue is called a "subject.") |
| This melody, or theme, is one in a series of musical events in this work. The theme is a basic idea out of which subsequent musical events grow. |
| Example: | Brahms, Symphony No. 1 in C minor, fourth movement |
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| Thematic development | The process of revealing a themes capacities and brining them to fulfillment. The principle of elaborating or varying a musical idea is pervasive in Western music, and it is also found in melody-oriented styles of many Far Eastern and Middle Eastern musics. |
| The composer elaborates and varies the opening idea in this example, thus revealing the theme's capacity for growth. |
| Example: | Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C minor, first movement |
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| Motive | A small, thematic fragment that constitutes a melodic-rhythmic unit. |
| In this excerpt, a familiar four-note idea, or motive, is sounded twice before it is subjected to further development. |
| Example: | Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C minor, first movement |
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| Sequence | A restatement of an idea at a higher or lower pitch level. |
| Here, the familiar motive is restated a number of times beginning on different pitches; thus, it is treated in sequence. |
| Example: | Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C minor, first movement |
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| Ostinato | A short musical pattern melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic- that is repeated persistently throughout a work or major section of a compostion. |
| In this example, a short (four-note) descending pattern in the bass is heard throughout under the voices. |
| Example: | Monteverdi: Lament of the Nymphs |
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| Basic forms | Two- and three-part forms are common in short pieces such as songs and dances. Binary, or two-part, form (A-B) is based on statement and departure. Ternary, or three-part, form (A-B-A) extends the idea of statement and departure by bringing back the first section. |
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| Advanced forms | More intricate forms include rondo, sonata-allegro, minuet and trio, theme and variations, and fugue. Some are based on a single principal theme that undergoes development (fugue, theme and variations) or that is set off by contrasting sections (rondo, ritornello); others are based on two or more themes of equal or nearly equal importance (sonata-allegro, minuet and trio). |
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| Responsorial Music | Occurs when a solo singer (or solo group) acts as "leader," alternating with a chorus of "followers." This is found in some types of Western chant, as well as in many African and Native American musics (i.e., "call and response"). |
| In this example of Gregorian chant, a soloist alternates with a choir, who responds by imitating what was just sung. |
| Example: | Gregorian chant, "Kyrie eleison" |
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